The first touchscreen was invented in 1965 by Eric A. Fingerprint resistance – since most users will be using their fingers, newer screens are have oleophobic coating (Greek for "fear of oil") that prevents oils from sticking to the surface.In today's smartphones, it often refers to vibration generated when touching the screen. Haptics – recreates the sense of touch with motion.Gesture recognition – the touchscreen recognizes certain finger motions as separate commands, such as double-tapping to select text or pinching to zoom out. This adds another layer of input and is used in the Apple Watch as Force Touch and 3D Touch in the iPhone 6S. Pressure sensitivity – the amount of pressure applied to the screen is also detected.A "10-point" touchscreen will distinguish all ten of a person's fingers separately. Multi-touch – the screen can detect the presence of more than one points of contact for input.Touchscreens can additionally come with a number of features that increase their functionality. Theoretically, this is a faster design because the pointer doesn't need to travel across the screen between different objects. They allow the user to interact directly with what's on the screen, unlike a mouse that moves a cursor. When compared to other computer devices, touchscreens are unique because they handle both input and output - interpreting the user's actions while featuring a graphic display. But where did they come from? How did they become so widespread? And how can we expect them to change? While the touchscreen has been around for decades, it's never seen popularity like this. According to a Pew Research survey conducted in November 2016, 77% of Americans own a smartphone and 51% own a tablet computer. All three chosen techniques outperformed the control technique in terms of error rate reduction and were preferred by our participants, with Stretch being the overall performance and preference winner.In our modern world, touchscreens are a common sight. In our formal user study, we tested the performance of our three most promising techniques (Stretch, X-Menu, and Slider) against our baseline (Offset), on four target sizes and three input noise levels. We implemented our techniques on a multi-touch tabletop prototype that offers computer vision based tracking. We also contribute a “clicking” technique, called SimPress, which reduces motion errors during clicking and allows us to simulate a hover state on devices unable to sense proximity. These techniques facilitate pixel-accurate targeting by adjusting the control-display ratio with a secondary finger while the primary finger controls the movement of the cursor. We present a set of five techniques, called Dual Finger Selections, which leverage the recent development of multi-touch sensitive displays to help users select very small targets. The size of human fingers and the lack of sensing precision can make precise touch screen interactions difficult. Precise Selection Techniques for Multi-Touch Screens All three chosen techniques outperformed the control technique in terms of error rate reduction and were preferred by our participants, with Stretch being the overall performance and preference winner. We implemented our techniques on a multi-touch tabletop prototype that offers computer visionbased tracking. We present a set of five techniques, called Dual Finger Selections, which leverage the recent development of multitouch sensitive displays to help users select very small targets.
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